RDBMS TUTORIAL FOR BEGINNERS

A relational database management system (RDBMS) is a database management system (DBMS) that is based on the relational model as invented by E. F. Codd, of IBM's San Jose Research Laboratory. Many popular databases currently in use are based on the relational database model.

Origenal data on Wikipedia

RDBMS Notes.pdf

Objectives

After completing this lesson, you should be able to do the following:
•Discuss the theoretical and physical aspectsof a relational database
•Describe the Oracle implementation of the RDBMS and ORDBMS
•Describe how SQL and PL/SQL are used in the Oracle product set
•Describe the use and benefits of PL/SQL  

  Lesson Aim

In this lesson, you will gain an understanding of the relational database
management system (RDBMS) and the object relational database
management system (ORDBMS). You will also be introduced to the
following:
SQL statements that are specific to Oracle
SQL*Plus, which is used for executing SQL and PL/SQL code and for
formatting and reporting purposes • PL/SQL, which is Oracle's
procedural language

System Development Life Cycle

From concept to production, you can develop a database by using the system development life
cycle, which contains multiple stages of development. This top-down, systematic approach to
database development transforms business information requirements into an operational
database.

Strategy and Analysis

 Stud\' and analyze the business requirements. Interview users and managers to identify the
information requirements. Incorporate the enterprise and application mission statements as
well as any future system specifications.
• Build models of the system. Transfer the business narrative into a graphical representation
of business information needs and rules. Confirm and refine the model with the analysts
and experts.

Relational Database Concept

•Dr. E. F. Codd proposed the relational model
for database systems in 1970.
•It is the basis for the relational database
management system (RDBMS).
•The relational model consists of the following:
-Collection of objects or relations
-Set of operators to act on the relations
-Data integrity for accuracy and consistency

Relational Model

The principles of the relational model were first outlined by Dr. E. F. Codd in
a June 1970 paper called "A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data
Banks:' In this paper. Dr. Codd proposed the relational model for database
systems.
The more popular models used at that time were hierarchical and network, or
even simple flat file data structures. Relational database management systems
(RDBMS) soon became very popular, especially for their ease of use and
flexibility in structure. In addition, a number of innovative vendors, such as
Oracle, supplemented the RDBMS \vith a suite of powerful application
development and user products, providing a total solution.

Components of the Relational Model

Collections of objects or relations that store the data
• A set of operators that can act on the relations to produce other relations
Data integritv for accuracv and consistency

SQL Statements

Oracle SQL complies with industry-accepted standards. Oracle Corporation
ensures future compliance with evolving standards by actively involving key
personnel in SQL standards committees. Industry-accepted committees are the
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and the International Standards
Organization (ISO). Both ANSI and ISO have accepted SQL as the standard
language for relational databases

Statement Description

About PL/SQL

Procedural Language/SQL (PL/SQL) is Oracle Corporation's procedural
language extension to SQL. the standard data access language for objectrelational
databases. PL/SQL offers modem softuare engineering features such
as data encapsulation, exception handling, information hiding, and object
orientation, and so brings state-of-the-art programming to the Oracle Server and
Toolset.
PL/SQL incorporates many of the advanced features made in programming
languages designed during the 1970s and 1980s. It allows the data manipulation
and query statements of SQL to be included in block-structured and procedural
units of code, making PL/SQL a powerful transaction processing language. With
PL/SQL, you can use SQL statements to finesse Oracle data and PL/SQL control
statements to process the data.

PL/SQL Environment 

 

 

 PL/SQL Engine and the Oracle Server 

PL/SQL is not an Oracle product in its own right; it is a technology
employed by the Oracle Server and by certain Oracle tools. Blocks of
PL/SQL are passed to and processed by a PL/SQL engine, which may
reside within the tool or within the Oracle Server. The engine used
depends on where the PL/SQL block is being invoked.
When you submit PL/SQL blocks from a Pro* program, user-exit,
SQL*Plus. or Server Manager, the PL/SQL engine in the Oracle Server
processes them. It divides the SQL within the block into separate
statements and sends them to the SQL Statement Executor. This means
that a single transfer is required to send the block from the application
to the Oracle Server, thus improving performance, especially in a
client-server network. Stored subprograms can be referenced by any
number of applications connected to the database.

Tables Used in the Course 

 Summary

•Relational databases are composed of relations, managed by relational
operations, and governed by data integrity constraints.
•The Oracle Server allows you to store and manage information by using the
SQL language and PL/SQL engine.
•PL/SQL is an extension to SQL with design features of programming languages.

Summary

Relational database management systems are composed of objects or relations.
They are managed by operations and governed by data integrity constraints.
Oracle Corporation produces products and services to meet your relational
database management system needs. The main product is the Oracle Server,
which enables you to store and manage information by using SQL and the PL/
SQL engine for procedural constructs.

SQL

The Oracle Server supports ANSI standard SQL and contains extensions. SQL
is the language used to communicate with the server to access, manipulate, and
control data.

PL/SQL

The PL/SQL language extends the SQL language by offering block-structured
procedural